ChatGPT (Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer) is a chatbot developed by OpenAI and launched in November 2022. It is based on OpenAI’s GPT-3 family of large language models and has been fine-tuned using supervised and reinforcement learning techniques (a transfer learning approach).
ChatGPT was prototyped on November 30, 2022, and quickly attracted attention for its detailed responses and clearly articulated answers in many knowledge domains. However, its inconsistent fact accuracy was recognized as a significant drawback. Following the release of ChatGPT, OpenAI was estimated to be valued at $29 billion in 2023.
Although the main function of a chatbot is to mimic a human conversation partner, ChatGPT is versatile. For example, it can write and debug computer programs, compose music, radio plays, fairy tales, and student essays, answer test questions (sometimes, depending on the test, at a level above that of the average human test taker), write poetry and song lyrics, emulate a Linux system, simulate an entire chat room, play games such as tic-tac-toe, and simulate a ATM. ChatGPT’s training data includes manual pages and information about Internet phenomena and programming languages such as bulletin board systems and the Python programming language.
Compared to its predecessor, InstructGPT, ChatGPT attempts to reduce harmful and fraudulent responses. For example, while InstructGPT accepts the premise of the prompt “Tell me when Christopher Columbus came to the U.S. in 2015” as truthful, ChatGPT accepts “in 2015” as truthful, ChatGPT acknowledges the counterfactual nature of the question and formulates its answer as a hypothetical consideration of what might happen if Columbus came to the U.S. in 2015, using information about the voyages of Christopher Columbus and facts about the modern world-including modern perceptions of Columbus’s actions. ChatGPT is not a hypothetical answer
Unlike most chatbots, ChatGPT remembers previous prompts given to it in the same conversation; journalists have suggested that this will allow ChatGPT to be used as a personalized therapist. To prevent offensive output from being presented to and produced by ChatGPT, requests are filtered through OpenAI’s enterprise-wide moderation API, and potentially racist or sexist prompts are rejected.
ChatGPT suffers from several limitations. OpenAI acknowledged that ChatGPT “sometimes writes plausible-sounding but incorrect or nonsensical responses,” a behavior common to large-scale language models and referred to as artificial intelligence hallucination. ChatGPT’s reward model, designed for human control, can be over-optimized and thus degrade performance, also known as Goodhart’s Law.
ChatGPT has limited knowledge of events that occurred after 2021. According to the BBC, ChatGPT is not allowed to “express political opinions or engage in political activity” as of December 2022. However, research suggests that ChatGPT has a pro-environment, left-libertarian orientation when asked to comment on political statements from two mainstream election consulting applications. ChatGPT is not allowed to “express political opinions or engage in political activity” as of December 2022
When training ChatGPT, human reviewers preferred longer responses, regardless of actual comprehension or factual content. The training data also suffer from algorithmic biases, which can be evident when ChatGPT responds to prompts with person descriptions. In one case, ChatGPT generated a rap indicating that women and scientists of color were inferior to white and male scientists.
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